Incinerator Ash Treatment and Reusewaste2010
「Incinerator Ash Treatment and Reusewaste2010」於資料集「MajorEnvironmentalPolicies」由單位「行政院環境保護署」的陳小姐所提供，聯繫電話是(02)23117722#2753,(02)23117722#2756，最近更新時間為：2023-07-30 01:03:45。 欄位編號的內容是2638 ， 欄位標題的內容是Incinerator Ash Treatment and Reuse ， 欄位摘要的內容是Waste Management
Feature Article
Incinerator Ash Treatment and Reuse
The need to prevent secondary pollution during treatment of bottom ash and fly ash from refuse incinerators is an important environmental issue. Taiwan has developed advanced methods for treating and reusing incinerator bottom residue and draws upon the experiences of other developed nations in promoting the reuse of such ash in building materials. An interagency mechanism is being set up to promote the establishment of a comprehensive management system for the reuse of the ash.
During the process of refuse incineration the ash discharged from the bottom of the incinerator is known as bottom ash, whereas the dust and ash collected in the filters and exhaust system is known as fly ash. The proportion of bottom ash generated is 15~20% of the total volume of trash incinerated; the proportion of fly ash generated is 3~8% of the total trash. Taiwan’s 24 municipal waste incinerators currently generate about 940,000 tonnes of bottom ash and 260,000 tonnes of stabilized fly ash per year.
Bottom Ash Reuse Rate Reaches 63% Due to Thorough Processing
1. Bottom Ash
The main features of the "Municipal Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash Reuse and Management Methods" are as follows:
Reuse conditions: Before being reused bottom ash must be sieved, pulverized or separated in filters. Depending upon the category of product that the reused ash will be used for, it must also be stabilized, heated, or rinsed with water. After undergoing pre-treatment, the bottom ash is then subjected to the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Dioxin Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) testing to ensure dioxins levels are below the maximums permitted by the Standards for Defining Hazardous Industrial Waste (有害事業廢棄物認定標準).
Categories of reusable products and testing procedures: After pretreatment, bottom ash can be used in three categories of reusable products. The quality standards and uses for these three product categories are shown in Table 1.
Table 1:
Regulations governing usage sites: The reusable bottom ash cannot be used in drinking water source protected areas, within set distances from drinking water sources, in reservoir catchment areas, or in tap water source quality and quantity protected areas. At all other sites the reusable ash can only be employed at least one meter above existing groundwater.
Regulations governing recording inventories and registering reusable products: Any enterprise using reusable ash must seasonally submit details of their use of the ash to the local environmental protection bureau. These details must include sources of the ash, volumes used, results of sample testing, uses of the ash, and certification verifying the treatment of any excess ash and refuse. Enterprises must also keep all related documents for at least three years in case they need to be reviewed. In addition, before a batch of Category 2 or 3 products can be reused it must be registered online.
Statistic data showed a total reuse of 2.15 million tonnes of bottom ash from 2003 to 2009, and a bottom residue reuse rate of 80% in 2009. As for reuse categories, 29% of the total volume produced was used as coarse aggregate base, 5% was used as foundation and road fill, 28% was used to make Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM), 27% was used as aggregate for non-reinforced concrete, 1% as asphalt concrete aggregate, 2% as brick aggregate, and 8% as coarse aggregate for filling pipeline trenches.
Other nations' experiences in recycling ash that Taiwan has referred to include the following:
The Netherlands: Nearly all industrial waste is reused, including building materials, mixed asphalt, bottom ash from refuse incinerators, and blast furnace slag. Bottom ash is readily accepted as a building material by the construction industry in the Netherlands and the nation has the highest rate of bottom ash reuse in the world. The Building Materials Decree (BMD) includes building materials that come into contact with water (rainwater, groundwater, etc). One of the underlying concepts of the BMD is that of critical load, which states that unpolluted soil should remain unpolluted, and soil that is already polluted should not be made worse. Soil pollutant control regulations in the Netherlands are also somewhat different from in Taiwan and other nations in that they are based on standards of "environmental uptake values" and "composition values" rather than "leaching values."
France: The French government encourages private-sector enterprises to reuse bottom ash from certified incinerators according to specific standards. In 1994, the French government promulgated regulations governing the use of bottom ash in road construction projects. The regulations stipulate the degree of stability that bottom ash must have achieved before it can be considered to be a low-polluting material. This is determined by comparing leachate density of the ash to French national leaching value testing standards. The bottom ash is divided into three categories for reuse and the reuse rate is around 50%. The most common use of bottom ash is road and embankment fill.
Germany: In Germany, Z0-Z4 judgment criteria are used to formulate regulations that cover the disposal and reuse of bottom ash and fly ash. The criteria are referred to when measures are adopted to ensure that the quality of bottom ash is Z2 or above. After bottom ash and fly ash has been produced it must be stored for at least three months to reduce water content and to allow it to mature. Residual iron must also be sieved out before it can be used, and overall composition must accord to regulations. Bottom ash can only be reused in materials situated at least one meter above groundwater. The current reuse rate of bottom ash in Germany is 69%. It is mostly used in civil engineering projects as substitute aggregate or processed building material.
Denmark: Bottom ash and fly ash from incinerators that meets regulatory requirements can be reused as road fill, aggregate, and earth fill. Substandard ash is disposed of by burying it in coastal areas or by other methods of the bottom ash, 10% by weight consists of recoverable metals and other natural resources; another 10% is deemed unfit for reuse and buried. This leaves 80% that is reused as fill for car parks, roads, and civil engineering projects. The current reuse rate for bottom ash in Denmark is 90%.
2. Reuse of Fly Ash
Currently, the Mucha Incinerator in Taipei City is the only incineration plant in Taiwan where fly ash is recycled by rinsing it with water. This process involves rinsing 1 part fly ash with 5 parts of water and 4.5% of stabilizing agent to remove residual chloride. The plant currently rinses 500~1,000 kg of fly ash per hour. The rinsed ash can then be added to the raw materials used for making cement at a proportion of 0.2~0.3%.
In terms of accepted international practice, since fly ash contains a high percentage of harmful substances many nations designate it as being harmful or requiring special management. This means that priority is given to rendering it harmless or ensuring isolated disposal rather than reuse. There are, however, a few nations that are attempting to reuse fly ash; in the Netherlands it is used as an additive for concrete asphalt and in France it is first melted before reuse.
Drawing upon Europe's Experience to Create a Comprehensive Mechanism for Managing Reusable Materials
Taiwan intends to adopt the following measures to make the reuse of bottom ash and fly ash from incinerators more feasible and in line with international trends:
1. Continue referring to renewable materials management practices of developed nations
Developed nations, such as the Netherlands and others in the EU, base their management of bottom ash reuse on environmental critical load standards in conjunction with the concept of environmental uptake. Different testing methods that simulate on-site conditions are used according to the form of the reusable product (eg., moulded or unmoulded). Such methods include column or tank leaching tests. The European system is clearly more thorough and careful than that currently used in Taiwan and can also be applied to all reusable refuse, not only the reuse of bottom ash. This makes it a suitable model for Taiwan to learn from. However, wholesale adoption of the European system would require wide-ranging revisions of the relevant regulations, testing methods and control standards, which means that positive results would unlikely to be forthcoming in the short term. Apart from continuing to observe developments in developed nations, Taiwan will also continue to adopt European recycling standards for each category of waste. Work will also continue on gathering baseline data to facilitate the suitable use of renewable materials as a step toward establishing a comprehensive management system for reusable materials.
2. Actively promote the establishment of an interdepartmental mechanism for bottom ash reuse
The successful promotion of bottom ash reuse requires a high degree of interdepartmental cooperation. Departments involved include the EPA, the Ministry of Economic Affair's Industrial Development Bureau, the Public Construction Commission and the Ministry of the Interior's Construction and Planning Agency. These last two agencies are at the helm of promoting bottom ash reuse as they oversee civil works projects and the use of building materials. By thoroughly estimating what is required at every stage and working together to establish a comprehensive waste reuse management system, the existing recycling channels should become more diversified and efficient.
3. Encourage local governments to engage the power of public support in promoting the reuse of fly ash
Fly ash is tricky to deal with due to its high content of heavy metals and dioxins. At present, fly ash is buried permanently in landfills after being stabilized. However, Taiwan is a densely-populated nation, and finding suitable sites for landfills has proven difficult. Many existing landfills also only have a very limited number of years of practical use remaining. These adverse conditions point to the necessity of reusing fly ash. The EPA is currently actively encouraging local governments to carry out fly ash reuse pilot plans at incinerator plants and to merge their own creative ideas with private-sector strengths to come up with new ways to treat and reuse fly ash. ， 欄位全文的內容是Waste Management
Feature Article
Incinerator Ash Treatment and Reuse
The need to prevent secondary pollution during treatment of bottom ash and fly ash from refuse incinerators is an important environmental issue. Taiwan has developed advanced methods for treating and reusing incinerator bottom residue and draws upon the experiences of other developed nations in promoting the reuse of such ash in building materials. An interagency mechanism is being set up to promote the establishment of a comprehensive management system for the reuse of the ash.
During the process of refuse incineration the ash discharged from the bottom of the incinerator is known as bottom ash, whereas the dust and ash collected in the filters and exhaust system is known as fly ash. The proportion of bottom ash generated is 15~20% of the total volume of trash incinerated; the proportion of fly ash generated is 3~8% of the total trash. Taiwan’s 24 municipal waste incinerators currently generate about 940,000 tonnes of bottom ash and 260,000 tonnes of stabilized fly ash per year.
Bottom Ash Reuse Rate Reaches 63% Due to Thorough Processing
1. Bottom Ash
The main features of the "Municipal Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash Reuse and Management Methods" are as follows:
Reuse conditions: Before being reused bottom ash must be sieved, pulverized or separated in filters. Depending upon the category of product that the reused ash will be used for, it must also be stabilized, heated, or rinsed with water. After undergoing pre-treatment, the bottom ash is then subjected to the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Dioxin Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) testing to ensure dioxins levels are below the maximums permitted by the Standards for Defining Hazardous Industrial Waste (有害事業廢棄物認定標準).
Categories of reusable products and testing procedures: After pretreatment, bottom ash can be used in three categories of reusable products. The quality standards and uses for these three product categories are shown in Table 1.
Table 1:
Regulations governing usage sites: The reusable bottom ash cannot be used in drinking water source protected areas, within set distances from drinking water sources, in reservoir catchment areas, or in tap water source quality and quantity protected areas. At all other sites the reusable ash can only be employed at least one meter above existing groundwater.
Regulations governing recording inventories and registering reusable products: Any enterprise using reusable ash must seasonally submit details of their use of the ash to the local environmental protection bureau. These details must include sources of the ash, volumes used, results of sample testing, uses of the ash, and certification verifying the treatment of any excess ash and refuse. Enterprises must also keep all related documents for at least three years in case they need to be reviewed. In addition, before a batch of Category 2 or 3 products can be reused it must be registered online.
Statistic data showed a total reuse of 2.15 million tonnes of bottom ash from 2003 to 2009, and a bottom residue reuse rate of 80% in 2009. As for reuse categories, 29% of the total volume produced was used as coarse aggregate base, 5% was used as foundation and road fill, 28% was used to make Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM), 27% was used as aggregate for non-reinforced concrete, 1% as asphalt concrete aggregate, 2% as brick aggregate, and 8% as coarse aggregate for filling pipeline trenches.
Other nations' experiences in recycling ash that Taiwan has referred to include the following:
The Netherlands: Nearly all industrial waste is reused, including building materials, mixed asphalt, bottom ash from refuse incinerators, and blast furnace slag. Bottom ash is readily accepted as a building material by the construction industry in the Netherlands and the nation has the highest rate of bottom ash reuse in the world. The Building Materials Decree (BMD) includes building materials that come into contact with water (rainwater, groundwater, etc). One of the underlying concepts of the BMD is that of critical load, which states that unpolluted soil should remain unpolluted, and soil that is already polluted should not be made worse. Soil pollutant control regulations in the Netherlands are also somewhat different from in Taiwan and other nations in that they are based on standards of "environmental uptake values" and "composition values" rather than "leaching values."
France: The French government encourages private-sector enterprises to reuse bottom ash from certified incinerators according to specific standards. In 1994, the French government promulgated regulations governing the use of bottom ash in road construction projects. The regulations stipulate the degree of stability that bottom ash must have achieved before it can be considered to be a low-polluting material. This is determined by comparing leachate density of the ash to French national leaching value testing standards. The bottom ash is divided into three categories for reuse and the reuse rate is around 50%. The most common use of bottom ash is road and embankment fill.
Germany: In Germany, Z0-Z4 judgment criteria are used to formulate regulations that cover the disposal and reuse of bottom ash and fly ash. The criteria are referred to when measures are adopted to ensure that the quality of bottom ash is Z2 or above. After bottom ash and fly ash has been produced it must be stored for at least three months to reduce water content and to allow it to mature. Residual iron must also be sieved out before it can be used, and overall composition must accord to regulations. Bottom ash can only be reused in materials situated at least one meter above groundwater. The current reuse rate of bottom ash in Germany is 69%. It is mostly used in civil engineering projects as substitute aggregate or processed building material.
Denmark: Bottom ash and fly ash from incinerators that meets regulatory requirements can be reused as road fill, aggregate, and earth fill. Substandard ash is disposed of by burying it in coastal areas or by other methods of the bottom ash, 10% by weight consists of recoverable metals and other natural resources; another 10% is deemed unfit for reuse and buried. This leaves 80% that is reused as fill for car parks, roads, and civil engineering projects. The current reuse rate for bottom ash in Denmark is 90%.
2. Reuse of Fly Ash
Currently, the Mucha Incinerator in Taipei City is the only incineration plant in Taiwan where fly ash is recycled by rinsing it with water. This process involves rinsing 1 part fly ash with 5 parts of water and 4.5% of stabilizing agent to remove residual chloride. The plant currently rinses 500~1,000 kg of fly ash per hour. The rinsed ash can then be added to the raw materials used for making cement at a proportion of 0.2~0.3%.
In terms of accepted international practice, since fly ash contains a high percentage of harmful substances many nations designate it as being harmful or requiring special management. This means that priority is given to rendering it harmless or ensuring isolated disposal rather than reuse. There are, however, a few nations that are attempting to reuse fly ash; in the Netherlands it is used as an additive for concrete asphalt and in France it is first melted before reuse.
Drawing upon Europe's Experience to Create a Comprehensive Mechanism for Managing Reusable Materials
Taiwan intends to adopt the following measures to make the reuse of bottom ash and fly ash from incinerators more feasible and in line with international trends:
1. Continue referring to renewable materials management practices of developed nations
Developed nations, such as the Netherlands and others in the EU, base their management of bottom ash reuse on environmental critical load standards in conjunction with the concept of environmental uptake. Different testing methods that simulate on-site conditions are used according to the form of the reusable product (eg., moulded or unmoulded). Such methods include column or tank leaching tests. The European system is clearly more thorough and careful than that currently used in Taiwan and can also be applied to all reusable refuse, not only the reuse of bottom ash. This makes it a suitable model for Taiwan to learn from. However, wholesale adoption of the European system would require wide-ranging revisions of the relevant regulations, testing methods and control standards, which means that positive results would unlikely to be forthcoming in the short term. Apart from continuing to observe developments in developed nations, Taiwan will also continue to adopt European recycling standards for each category of waste. Work will also continue on gathering baseline data to facilitate the suitable use of renewable materials as a step toward establishing a comprehensive management system for reusable materials.
2. Actively promote the establishment of an interdepartmental mechanism for bottom ash reuse
The successful promotion of bottom ash reuse requires a high degree of interdepartmental cooperation. Departments involved include the EPA, the Ministry of Economic Affair's Industrial Development Bureau, the Public Construction Commission and the Ministry of the Interior's Construction and Planning Agency. These last two agencies are at the helm of promoting bottom ash reuse as they oversee civil works projects and the use of building materials. By thoroughly estimating what is required at every stage and working together to establish a comprehensive waste reuse management system, the existing recycling channels should become more diversified and efficient.
3. Encourage local governments to engage the power of public support in promoting the reuse of fly ash
Fly ash is tricky to deal with due to its high content of heavy metals and dioxins. At present, fly ash is buried permanently in landfills after being stabilized. However, Taiwan is a densely-populated nation, and finding suitable sites for landfills has proven difficult. Many existing landfills also only have a very limited number of years of practical use remaining. These adverse conditions point to the necessity of reusing fly ash. The EPA is currently actively encouraging local governments to carry out fly ash reuse pilot plans at incinerator plants and to merge their own creative ideas with private-sector strengths to come up with new ways to treat and reuse fly ash. ， 欄位年度的內容是2010 ， 欄位月份的內容是12 ， 欄位卷的內容是13 ， 欄位期的內容是12 ， 欄位順序的內容是1 ， 欄位倒序的內容是2 ， 欄位分類的內容是waste ， 欄位標題2的內容是Incinerator Ash Treatment and Reuse ， 欄位檔案位置的內容是V13/V13-12 。
編號
2638
標題
Incinerator Ash Treatment and Reuse
摘要
Waste Management Feature Article Incinerator Ash Treatment and Reuse The need to prevent secondary pollution during treatment of bottom ash and fly ash from refuse incinerators is an important environmental issue. Taiwan has developed advanced methods for treating and reusing incinerator bottom residue and draws upon the experiences of other developed nations in promoting the reuse of such ash in building materials. An interagency mechanism is being set up to promote the establishment of a comprehensive management system for the reuse of the ash. During the process of refuse incineration the ash discharged from the bottom of the incinerator is known as bottom ash, whereas the dust and ash collected in the filters and exhaust system is known as fly ash. The proportion of bottom ash generated is 15~20% of the total volume of trash incinerated; the proportion of fly ash generated is 3~8% of the total trash. Taiwan’s 24 municipal waste incinerators currently generate about 940,000 tonnes of bottom ash and 260,000 tonnes of stabilized fly ash per year. Bottom Ash Reuse Rate Reaches 63% Due to Thorough Processing 1. Bottom Ash The main features of the "Municipal Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash Reuse and Management Methods" are as follows: Reuse conditions: Before being reused bottom ash must be sieved, pulverized or separated in filters. Depending upon the category of product that the reused ash will be used for, it must also be stabilized, heated, or rinsed with water. After undergoing pre-treatment, the bottom ash is then subjected to the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Dioxin Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) testing to ensure dioxins levels are below the maximums permitted by the Standards for Defining Hazardous Industrial Waste (有害事業廢棄物認定標準). Categories of reusable products and testing procedures: After pretreatment, bottom ash can be used in three categories of reusable products. The quality standards and uses for these three product categories are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Regulations governing usage sites: The reusable bottom ash cannot be used in drinking water source protected areas, within set distances from drinking water sources, in reservoir catchment areas, or in tap water source quality and quantity protected areas. At all other sites the reusable ash can only be employed at least one meter above existing groundwater. Regulations governing recording inventories and registering reusable products: Any enterprise using reusable ash must seasonally submit details of their use of the ash to the local environmental protection bureau. These details must include sources of the ash, volumes used, results of sample testing, uses of the ash, and certification verifying the treatment of any excess ash and refuse. Enterprises must also keep all related documents for at least three years in case they need to be reviewed. In addition, before a batch of Category 2 or 3 products can be reused it must be registered online. Statistic data showed a total reuse of 2.15 million tonnes of bottom ash from 2003 to 2009, and a bottom residue reuse rate of 80% in 2009. As for reuse categories, 29% of the total volume produced was used as coarse aggregate base, 5% was used as foundation and road fill, 28% was used to make Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM), 27% was used as aggregate for non-reinforced concrete, 1% as asphalt concrete aggregate, 2% as brick aggregate, and 8% as coarse aggregate for filling pipeline trenches. Other nations' experiences in recycling ash that Taiwan has referred to include the following: The Netherlands: Nearly all industrial waste is reused, including building materials, mixed asphalt, bottom ash from refuse incinerators, and blast furnace slag. Bottom ash is readily accepted as a building material by the construction industry in the Netherlands and the nation has the highest rate of bottom ash reuse in the world. The Building Materials Decree (BMD) includes building materials that come into contact with water (rainwater, groundwater, etc). One of the underlying concepts of the BMD is that of critical load, which states that unpolluted soil should remain unpolluted, and soil that is already polluted should not be made worse. Soil pollutant control regulations in the Netherlands are also somewhat different from in Taiwan and other nations in that they are based on standards of "environmental uptake values" and "composition values" rather than "leaching values." France: The French government encourages private-sector enterprises to reuse bottom ash from certified incinerators according to specific standards. In 1994, the French government promulgated regulations governing the use of bottom ash in road construction projects. The regulations stipulate the degree of stability that bottom ash must have achieved before it can be considered to be a low-polluting material. This is determined by comparing leachate density of the ash to French national leaching value testing standards. The bottom ash is divided into three categories for reuse and the reuse rate is around 50%. The most common use of bottom ash is road and embankment fill. Germany: In Germany, Z0-Z4 judgment criteria are used to formulate regulations that cover the disposal and reuse of bottom ash and fly ash. The criteria are referred to when measures are adopted to ensure that the quality of bottom ash is Z2 or above. After bottom ash and fly ash has been produced it must be stored for at least three months to reduce water content and to allow it to mature. Residual iron must also be sieved out before it can be used, and overall composition must accord to regulations. Bottom ash can only be reused in materials situated at least one meter above groundwater. The current reuse rate of bottom ash in Germany is 69%. It is mostly used in civil engineering projects as substitute aggregate or processed building material. Denmark: Bottom ash and fly ash from incinerators that meets regulatory requirements can be reused as road fill, aggregate, and earth fill. Substandard ash is disposed of by burying it in coastal areas or by other methods of the bottom ash, 10% by weight consists of recoverable metals and other natural resources; another 10% is deemed unfit for reuse and buried. This leaves 80% that is reused as fill for car parks, roads, and civil engineering projects. The current reuse rate for bottom ash in Denmark is 90%. 2. Reuse of Fly Ash Currently, the Mucha Incinerator in Taipei City is the only incineration plant in Taiwan where fly ash is recycled by rinsing it with water. This process involves rinsing 1 part fly ash with 5 parts of water and 4.5% of stabilizing agent to remove residual chloride. The plant currently rinses 500~1,000 kg of fly ash per hour. The rinsed ash can then be added to the raw materials used for making cement at a proportion of 0.2~0.3%. In terms of accepted international practice, since fly ash contains a high percentage of harmful substances many nations designate it as being harmful or requiring special management. This means that priority is given to rendering it harmless or ensuring isolated disposal rather than reuse. There are, however, a few nations that are attempting to reuse fly ash; in the Netherlands it is used as an additive for concrete asphalt and in France it is first melted before reuse. Drawing upon Europe's Experience to Create a Comprehensive Mechanism for Managing Reusable Materials Taiwan intends to adopt the following measures to make the reuse of bottom ash and fly ash from incinerators more feasible and in line with international trends: 1. Continue referring to renewable materials management practices of developed nations Developed nations, such as the Netherlands and others in the EU, base their management of bottom ash reuse on environmental critical load standards in conjunction with the concept of environmental uptake. Different testing methods that simulate on-site conditions are used according to the form of the reusable product (eg., moulded or unmoulded). Such methods include column or tank leaching tests. The European system is clearly more thorough and careful than that currently used in Taiwan and can also be applied to all reusable refuse, not only the reuse of bottom ash. This makes it a suitable model for Taiwan to learn from. However, wholesale adoption of the European system would require wide-ranging revisions of the relevant regulations, testing methods and control standards, which means that positive results would unlikely to be forthcoming in the short term. Apart from continuing to observe developments in developed nations, Taiwan will also continue to adopt European recycling standards for each category of waste. Work will also continue on gathering baseline data to facilitate the suitable use of renewable materials as a step toward establishing a comprehensive management system for reusable materials. 2. Actively promote the establishment of an interdepartmental mechanism for bottom ash reuse The successful promotion of bottom ash reuse requires a high degree of interdepartmental cooperation. Departments involved include the EPA, the Ministry of Economic Affair's Industrial Development Bureau, the Public Construction Commission and the Ministry of the Interior's Construction and Planning Agency. These last two agencies are at the helm of promoting bottom ash reuse as they oversee civil works projects and the use of building materials. By thoroughly estimating what is required at every stage and working together to establish a comprehensive waste reuse management system, the existing recycling channels should become more diversified and efficient. 3. Encourage local governments to engage the power of public support in promoting the reuse of fly ash Fly ash is tricky to deal with due to its high content of heavy metals and dioxins. At present, fly ash is buried permanently in landfills after being stabilized. However, Taiwan is a densely-populated nation, and finding suitable sites for landfills has proven difficult. Many existing landfills also only have a very limited number of years of practical use remaining. These adverse conditions point to the necessity of reusing fly ash. The EPA is currently actively encouraging local governments to carry out fly ash reuse pilot plans at incinerator plants and to merge their own creative ideas with private-sector strengths to come up with new ways to treat and reuse fly ash.
全文
Waste Management Feature Article Incinerator Ash Treatment and Reuse The need to prevent secondary pollution during treatment of bottom ash and fly ash from refuse incinerators is an important environmental issue. Taiwan has developed advanced methods for treating and reusing incinerator bottom residue and draws upon the experiences of other developed nations in promoting the reuse of such ash in building materials. An interagency mechanism is being set up to promote the establishment of a comprehensive management system for the reuse of the ash. During the process of refuse incineration the ash discharged from the bottom of the incinerator is known as bottom ash, whereas the dust and ash collected in the filters and exhaust system is known as fly ash. The proportion of bottom ash generated is 15~20% of the total volume of trash incinerated; the proportion of fly ash generated is 3~8% of the total trash. Taiwan’s 24 municipal waste incinerators currently generate about 940,000 tonnes of bottom ash and 260,000 tonnes of stabilized fly ash per year. Bottom Ash Reuse Rate Reaches 63% Due to Thorough Processing 1. Bottom Ash The main features of the "Municipal Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash Reuse and Management Methods" are as follows: Reuse conditions: Before being reused bottom ash must be sieved, pulverized or separated in filters. Depending upon the category of product that the reused ash will be used for, it must also be stabilized, heated, or rinsed with water. After undergoing pre-treatment, the bottom ash is then subjected to the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Dioxin Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) testing to ensure dioxins levels are below the maximums permitted by the Standards for Defining Hazardous Industrial Waste (有害事業廢棄物認定標準). Categories of reusable products and testing procedures: After pretreatment, bottom ash can be used in three categories of reusable products. The quality standards and uses for these three product categories are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Regulations governing usage sites: The reusable bottom ash cannot be used in drinking water source protected areas, within set distances from drinking water sources, in reservoir catchment areas, or in tap water source quality and quantity protected areas. At all other sites the reusable ash can only be employed at least one meter above existing groundwater. Regulations governing recording inventories and registering reusable products: Any enterprise using reusable ash must seasonally submit details of their use of the ash to the local environmental protection bureau. These details must include sources of the ash, volumes used, results of sample testing, uses of the ash, and certification verifying the treatment of any excess ash and refuse. Enterprises must also keep all related documents for at least three years in case they need to be reviewed. In addition, before a batch of Category 2 or 3 products can be reused it must be registered online. Statistic data showed a total reuse of 2.15 million tonnes of bottom ash from 2003 to 2009, and a bottom residue reuse rate of 80% in 2009. As for reuse categories, 29% of the total volume produced was used as coarse aggregate base, 5% was used as foundation and road fill, 28% was used to make Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM), 27% was used as aggregate for non-reinforced concrete, 1% as asphalt concrete aggregate, 2% as brick aggregate, and 8% as coarse aggregate for filling pipeline trenches. Other nations' experiences in recycling ash that Taiwan has referred to include the following: The Netherlands: Nearly all industrial waste is reused, including building materials, mixed asphalt, bottom ash from refuse incinerators, and blast furnace slag. Bottom ash is readily accepted as a building material by the construction industry in the Netherlands and the nation has the highest rate of bottom ash reuse in the world. The Building Materials Decree (BMD) includes building materials that come into contact with water (rainwater, groundwater, etc). One of the underlying concepts of the BMD is that of critical load, which states that unpolluted soil should remain unpolluted, and soil that is already polluted should not be made worse. Soil pollutant control regulations in the Netherlands are also somewhat different from in Taiwan and other nations in that they are based on standards of "environmental uptake values" and "composition values" rather than "leaching values." France: The French government encourages private-sector enterprises to reuse bottom ash from certified incinerators according to specific standards. In 1994, the French government promulgated regulations governing the use of bottom ash in road construction projects. The regulations stipulate the degree of stability that bottom ash must have achieved before it can be considered to be a low-polluting material. This is determined by comparing leachate density of the ash to French national leaching value testing standards. The bottom ash is divided into three categories for reuse and the reuse rate is around 50%. The most common use of bottom ash is road and embankment fill. Germany: In Germany, Z0-Z4 judgment criteria are used to formulate regulations that cover the disposal and reuse of bottom ash and fly ash. The criteria are referred to when measures are adopted to ensure that the quality of bottom ash is Z2 or above. After bottom ash and fly ash has been produced it must be stored for at least three months to reduce water content and to allow it to mature. Residual iron must also be sieved out before it can be used, and overall composition must accord to regulations. Bottom ash can only be reused in materials situated at least one meter above groundwater. The current reuse rate of bottom ash in Germany is 69%. It is mostly used in civil engineering projects as substitute aggregate or processed building material. Denmark: Bottom ash and fly ash from incinerators that meets regulatory requirements can be reused as road fill, aggregate, and earth fill. Substandard ash is disposed of by burying it in coastal areas or by other methods of the bottom ash, 10% by weight consists of recoverable metals and other natural resources; another 10% is deemed unfit for reuse and buried. This leaves 80% that is reused as fill for car parks, roads, and civil engineering projects. The current reuse rate for bottom ash in Denmark is 90%. 2. Reuse of Fly Ash Currently, the Mucha Incinerator in Taipei City is the only incineration plant in Taiwan where fly ash is recycled by rinsing it with water. This process involves rinsing 1 part fly ash with 5 parts of water and 4.5% of stabilizing agent to remove residual chloride. The plant currently rinses 500~1,000 kg of fly ash per hour. The rinsed ash can then be added to the raw materials used for making cement at a proportion of 0.2~0.3%. In terms of accepted international practice, since fly ash contains a high percentage of harmful substances many nations designate it as being harmful or requiring special management. This means that priority is given to rendering it harmless or ensuring isolated disposal rather than reuse. There are, however, a few nations that are attempting to reuse fly ash; in the Netherlands it is used as an additive for concrete asphalt and in France it is first melted before reuse. Drawing upon Europe's Experience to Create a Comprehensive Mechanism for Managing Reusable Materials Taiwan intends to adopt the following measures to make the reuse of bottom ash and fly ash from incinerators more feasible and in line with international trends: 1. Continue referring to renewable materials management practices of developed nations Developed nations, such as the Netherlands and others in the EU, base their management of bottom ash reuse on environmental critical load standards in conjunction with the concept of environmental uptake. Different testing methods that simulate on-site conditions are used according to the form of the reusable product (eg., moulded or unmoulded). Such methods include column or tank leaching tests. The European system is clearly more thorough and careful than that currently used in Taiwan and can also be applied to all reusable refuse, not only the reuse of bottom ash. This makes it a suitable model for Taiwan to learn from. However, wholesale adoption of the European system would require wide-ranging revisions of the relevant regulations, testing methods and control standards, which means that positive results would unlikely to be forthcoming in the short term. Apart from continuing to observe developments in developed nations, Taiwan will also continue to adopt European recycling standards for each category of waste. Work will also continue on gathering baseline data to facilitate the suitable use of renewable materials as a step toward establishing a comprehensive management system for reusable materials. 2. Actively promote the establishment of an interdepartmental mechanism for bottom ash reuse The successful promotion of bottom ash reuse requires a high degree of interdepartmental cooperation. Departments involved include the EPA, the Ministry of Economic Affair's Industrial Development Bureau, the Public Construction Commission and the Ministry of the Interior's Construction and Planning Agency. These last two agencies are at the helm of promoting bottom ash reuse as they oversee civil works projects and the use of building materials. By thoroughly estimating what is required at every stage and working together to establish a comprehensive waste reuse management system, the existing recycling channels should become more diversified and efficient. 3. Encourage local governments to engage the power of public support in promoting the reuse of fly ash Fly ash is tricky to deal with due to its high content of heavy metals and dioxins. At present, fly ash is buried permanently in landfills after being stabilized. However, Taiwan is a densely-populated nation, and finding suitable sites for landfills has proven difficult. Many existing landfills also only have a very limited number of years of practical use remaining. These adverse conditions point to the necessity of reusing fly ash. The EPA is currently actively encouraging local governments to carry out fly ash reuse pilot plans at incinerator plants and to merge their own creative ideas with private-sector strengths to come up with new ways to treat and reuse fly ash.
年度
2010
月份
12
卷
13
期
12
順序
1
倒序
2
分類
waste
標題2
Incinerator Ash Treatment and Reuse
檔案位置
V13/V13-12
「Incinerator Ash Treatment and Reusewaste2010」所屬的資料集：「MajorEnvironmentalPolicies」的其他資料
編號：
103
標題：
Standards for Fluorescent Light Eco-label Specifications Announced
摘要：
Eco-labeling On December 31 1998, the EPA announced the "Green Mark" specification standards for fl
全文：
Eco-labeling On December 31 1998, the EPA announced the "Green Mark" specification standards for fl
編號：
3323
標題：
Ecolabeling Over 2 Million Eco-Labeled Thermo Mugs Sold in Taiwan
摘要：
Ecolabeling Over 2 Million Eco-Labeled Thermo Mugs Sold in Taiwan
In August 2011 the EPA announc
全文：
Over 2 Million Eco-Labeled Thermo Mugs Sold in Taiwan
In August 2011 the EPA announced the Green
編號：
3946
標題：
2030 Future All Together Exhibition a Success
摘要：
general policy 2030 Future All Together Exhibition a Success
全文：
The “2030 Future Beyond the Circle, Future All Together”, a four-day exhibition on circular economy,
編號：
3881
標題：
Electroplating Firm Receives Severe Penalties for Illegal
Wastewater Discharge
摘要：
Inspection
Electroplating Firm Receives Severe Penalties for Illegal
Wastewater Discharge
A t the en
全文：
Recycling 100% of wastewater and leaving zero
discharge requires a high cost and advanced
technologi
編號：
3868
標題：
Results of Food Safety Policies Examined to Enhance Control
摘要：
chemicals
Results of Food Safety Policies Examined to Enhance Control
On 10 December 2019, the Exe
全文：
The meeting was also attended by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Council of Agriculture, the
編號：
3545
標題：
Amendments to Prohibitions on Activities Causing Water Pollution Preannounced
摘要：
Water
Amendments to Prohibitions on Activities Causing Water Pollution Preannounced
全文：
Amendments to Prohibitions on Activities Causing Water Pollution Preannounced
On 16 February 2017,
編號：
3719
標題：
Draft of Regulations for Determination of Fines for Violations of the Waste Disposal Act Preannounce
摘要：
Waste
Draft of Regulations for Determination of Fines for Violations of the Waste Disposal Act Prean
全文：
Draft of Regulations for Determination of Fines for Violations of the Waste Disposal Act Preannounce
編號：
4066
標題：
Online Marine Waste Workshop Inspires Youths from Nine Countries to Take Sustainability Actions
摘要：
environmental education
Online Marine Waste Workshop Inspires Youths from Nine Countries to Take Su
全文：
Targeting international students studying in Taiwan, the EPA’s International Environmental Education
編號：
52
標題：
EPA Assesses AmCham Suggestions on Regulatory Affairs
摘要：
International Affairs The American Chamber of Commerce in Taiwan issued a “Taiwan White Paper” in S
全文：
International Affairs The American Chamber of Commerce in Taiwan issued a “Taiwan White Paper” in S
編號：
464
標題：
Motorcycle Subsidy Program Extended for One Year
摘要：
Since the end of last year the EPA has been subsidizing a program aimed at getting older, more pollu
全文：
Since the end of last year the EPA has been subsidizing a program aimed at getting older, more pollu
編號：
2792
標題：
Energy Efficient Low-Carbon Garbage Trucks Mark New Era in Refuse Disposal
摘要：
climate change
Energy Efficient Low-Carbon Garbage Trucks Mark New Era in Refuse Disposal
The EP
全文：
climate change
Energy Efficient Low-Carbon Garbage Trucks Mark New Era in Refuse Disposal
The EP
編號：
7
標題：
Hsung-Hsiung Tsai Reviews Year's Accomplishments
摘要：
Having completed his first year in office Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) Administrato
全文：
Others Having completed his first year in office Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) Admi
編號：
3529
標題：
2016 River Water Quality Best Since Monitoring Started
摘要：
Water
2016 River Water Quality Best Since Monitoring Started
The EPA has announced the river water
全文：
2016 River Water Quality Best Since Monitoring Started
The EPA has announced the river water qualit
編號：
3069
標題：
EPA and Transport Companies Sign Eco-Driving Agreement
摘要：
Air Quality
EPA and Transport Companies Sign Eco-Driving Agreement
In order to encourage energy sa
全文：
Air Quality
EPA and Transport Companies Sign Eco-Driving Agreement
In order to encourage energy sa
編號：
522
標題：
EPA Promotes Management of Community Sewage Infrastructure
摘要：
On February 29 the EPA announced the results of an analysis of the community wastewater system in th
全文：
On February 29 the EPA announced the results of an analysis of the community wastewater system in th
編號：
3427
標題：
Tax Subsidies Available for Replacement of Old Vehicles
摘要：
Recycling
Tax Subsidies Available for Replacement of Old Vehicles
全文：
Tax Subsidies Available for Replacement of Old Vehicles
Taiwan’s vehicle recyclers now offer a home
編號：
3697
標題：
Over 26,000 People Join Beach Cleanups to Celebrate Earth Day
摘要：
Env. Sanitation
Over 26,000 People Join Beach Cleanups to Celebrate Earth Day
Enterprises, civic
全文：
Over 26,000 People Join Beach Cleanups to Celebrate Earth Day
Enterprises, civic groups, and gove
編號：
4021
標題：
New-Generation Air Quality Monitoring and Testing in Taiwan
摘要：
Aiming to enhance air quality monitoring capacity and better provide air pollution information in re
全文：
Air quality in Taiwan has shown significant improvement based on the EPA’s annual air quality monito
編號：
3484
標題：
Oil Spill Cleanups Proceed in Kinmen and Kaohsiung
摘要：
Water
Oil Spill Cleanups Proceed in Kinmen and Kaohsiung
Typhoon Meranti recently passed over Taiwan
全文：
Oil Spill Cleanups Proceed in Kinmen and Kaohsiung
Typhoon Meranti recently passed over Taiwan, caus
編號：
3792
標題：
First Batch of HAPs from Stationary Sources Announced
摘要：
Air First Batch of HAPs from Stationary Sources Announced
全文：
The regulations were formulated based on the amendments to the Air Pollution Control Act announced o
編號：
66
標題：
Additions and Amendments to General Waste and Waste Containers Fee Announced
摘要：
Waste Management On October 28 the EPA amended this year's General Waste and Waste Container Fee (s
全文：
Waste Management On October 28 the EPA amended this year's General Waste and Waste Container Fee (s
編號：
3033
標題：
Taiwan-US Environmental Protection Cooperation Enters Third Decade
摘要：
International Cooperation
Taiwan-US Environmental Protection Cooperation Enters Third Decade
The y
全文：
International Cooperation
Taiwan-US Environmental Protection Cooperation Enters Third Decade
The y
編號：
3980
標題：
Taiwan and U.K. Join Hands to Launch First Report on Carbon Pricing
摘要：
The EPA cooperated with the British Office in Taipei in July 2020 to commission the Grantham Researc
全文：
The EPA explains that the cooperation with the international research think tank directly represents
編號：
3505
標題：
EPA and Local Governments Discuss Bottom Ash Reutilization Management
摘要：
Waste
EPA and Local Governments Discuss Bottom Ash Reutilization Management
On 17 November 2016, th
全文：
EPA and Local Governments Discuss Bottom Ash Reutilization Management
On 17 November 2016, the EPA
編號：
313
標題：
EIA Requirements for Petroleum Storage Tanks Revised
摘要：
On 4 February the EPA issued a public announcement regarding revision and relaxation of EIA requirem
全文：
On 4 February the EPA issued a public announcement regarding revision and relaxation of EIA requirem
編號：
2296
標題：
EPA Assists Electronics Industry to Cut Carbon Emissions
摘要：
Climate Change
EPA Assists
全文：
Climate Change
EPA Assists
編號：
3395
標題：
Regulations on Greenhouse Gas Accreditation and Verification Organizations Announced
摘要：
Climate Change
Regulations on Greenhouse Gas Accreditation and Verification Organizations Announced
全文：
Regulations on Greenhouse Gas Accreditation and Verification Organizations Announced
To ensure the a
編號：
1648
標題：
8000 Enterprises Required to Report Waste Flow Online
摘要：
The EPA has stipulated that from 1 December 2005 over 8,000 enterprises that generate construction w
全文：
The EPA has stipulated that from 1 December 2005 over 8,000 enterprises that generate construction w
編號：
3716
標題：
Taichung City Installs Air Quality Monitoring Sensors to Reinforce Smart Inspections and Prevent Ill
摘要：
Environmental Monitoring
Taichung City Installs Air Quality Monitoring Sensors to Reinforce Smart In
全文：
Taichung City Installs Air Quality Monitoring Sensors to Reinforce Smart Inspections and Prevent Ill
編號：
3450
標題：
Taiwan and US hold International Air Quality Monitoring Camp for Youth in Thailand
摘要：
Environmental Monitoring
Taiwan and US hold International Air Quality Monitoring Camp for Youth in T
全文：
Taiwan and US hold International Air Quality Monitoring Camp for Youth in Thailand
From 21-24 June 2
行政院環境保護署 的其他資料集
病媒防治業地理資料
不定期更新更新,48薛先生 | 02-2325-7399#55413 | 2023-07-27 01:02:56
行政院環境保護署應回收廢棄物回收業者資料
不定期更新更新,233廖小姐 | 02-2370-5888#3103 | 2022-01-14 01:26:22
行政院環境保護署水污染罰鍰次數
每年更新更新,209謝小姐 | 02-23117722#2103 | 2022-01-14 01:22:27
行政院環境保護署事業廢棄物共同清除、處理機構許可資料
不定期更新更新,193何先生 | 02-2311-7722#2653 | 2022-01-14 01:26:04
行政院環境保護署新化學物質及既有化學物質資料登錄工具說明
不定期更新更新,56蔡先生 | 02-23257399#55723 | 2023-08-09 01:05:35
行政院環境保護署
環境教育(行政)人員(專長)認證申請書
不定期更新更新,50盧小姐 | (03)4020789分機606 | 2023-08-09 01:05:29
行政院環境保護署環評主管機關受理審查環境現況差異分析及對策檢討報告
每2月更新,74黃先生 | 02-23117722#2748 | 2023-08-06 01:04:29
行政院環境保護署環境教育終身學習網影片專區使用人次
每季更新更新,55李小姐 | 02-23117722#2724 | 2022-01-15 01:10:50
行政院環境保護署應回收廢棄物處理業者(廢輪胎類)最大處理量資料
每年更新更新,59廖小姐 | 02-2370-5888#3103 | 2022-01-14 01:24:00
行政院環境保護署臺南市重要環保統計資料
每月更新更新,245謝小姐 | 02-23117722#2103 | 2022-01-14 01:20:38
行政院環境保護署
國內已制訂之碳足跡產品類別規則文件清單
不定期更新更新,51陳先生 | 02-23117722#2932 | 2023-08-09 01:05:36
行政院環境保護署廢棄物質最終處置資訊網會議資料
每月更新更新,51許先生 | 02-2311-7722#2641 | 2022-01-14 01:24:13
行政院環境保護署非甲烷碳氫化合物(NMHC)監測小時值
每1日更新,205陳先生 | 02-2311-7722#2386 | 2023-08-02 00:58:33
行政院環境保護署應回收廢棄物(廢照明光源類)回收量資料
每年更新更新,64廖小姐 | 02-2370-5888#3103 | 2022-01-14 01:24:39
行政院環境保護署新竹市水量水質自動監測連線傳輸監測紀錄值即時資料集
不定期更新更新,59許先生 | 02-2311-7722#2831 | 2022-01-18 01:24:43
行政院環境保護署
重點事業廢棄物-生物醫療廢棄物之處理方式
每月更新更新,226陳先生 | 02-2311-7722#2682 | 2022-01-14 01:24:07
行政院環境保護署行政院環境保護署環境保護基金附屬單位預算案
每年更新更新,55郭小姐 | 02-2311-7722#2164 | 2022-01-15 01:09:42
行政院環境保護署底泥申報單位數量
不定期更新更新,64張小姐 | 02-2383-2389 #8401 | 2023-07-27 01:03:37
行政院環境保護署垃圾處理場(廠)統計
每半年更新更新,47掩先生 | (04)2252-1718#53513,#53518,#53522 | 2022-01-14 01:22:10
行政院環境保護署全國各縣市之責任業者列管家數統計
每1年更新,80廖小姐 | 02-2370-5888#3103 | 2023-07-27 00:59:42
行政院環境保護署
公文歸檔案件統計表
不定期更新更新,48黃先生 | 02-2311-7722#2346 | 2022-01-14 01:20:45
行政院環境保護署PM2.5日均值(每日提供)
每1日更新,117陳先生 | 02-2311-7722#2386 | 2023-08-08 00:58:45
行政院環境保護署建檔公廁明細-雲林縣
不定期更新更新,234賴先生 | 04-2252-1718#53686 | 2023-07-27 01:02:01
行政院環境保護署細懸浮微粒資料（PM2.5）
每1時更新,135陳先生 | 02-2311-7722#2386 | 2023-08-08 00:58:48
行政院環境保護署各事業廢棄物代碼申報流向統計
每月更新更新,176陳先生 | 02-2311-7722#2682 | 2022-01-14 01:23:53
行政院環境保護署
空氣品質小時值_臺北市_萬華站
每小時更新更新,402謝小姐 | 02-2311-7722#2386 | 2022-01-14 01:03:40
行政院環境保護署國外公害糾紛司法案件資料
不定期更新更新,217陳小姐 | (02)2311-7722分機2932 | 2023-07-30 01:03:23
行政院環境保護署一般民眾環境教育終身學習護照註冊及開通人數
每季更新更新,94李小姐 | 02-23117722#2724 | 2022-01-15 01:10:43
行政院環境保護署生物源網格空氣污染排放量(TWD97)
不定期更新更新,242柏小姐 | 02-23712121#6106 | 2022-01-14 01:05:47
行政院環境保護署重要河川水質概況
每1年更新,168顏先生 | 02-23117722#2109 | 2023-07-30 01:01:03
行政院環境保護署